1870 commune de paris

Many Parisians, especially workers and the lower-middle classes, supported a democratic republic. When the news reached Paris the next day, shocked and angry crowds came out into the streets. » Le 18 janvier suivant, il constate : « J’émiette aux poules notre pain noir. Trochu a choisi de faire rentrer dans la capitale l'armée de 40 000 hommes de Vinoy sur des considérations peut-être plus politiques que militaires[2]. Le Second Empireest terminé. The Council members (who were not "representatives" but delegates, subject in theory to immediate recall by their electors) were expected to carry out many executive and military functions as well as their legislative ones. His last reported words were: "Do they still say I was a traitor?"[71]. [83], Amid the news of the growing number of executions carried out by the army in different parts of the city, the Communards carried out their own executions as a desperate and futile attempt at retaliation. "[102] In 2012, however, historian Robert Tombs made a new study of the Paris cemetery records and placed the number killed between 6,000 and 7,000, confirming du Camp's research. They have taken over all the city halls, all the public establishments, they’re pillaging the munitions and the food supplies. They were expected to converge at the end of 24 hours at the gates of the Palace of Versailles. The sound of firing squads, which one still hears in the mournful city, atrociously prolongs the nightmare ... Paris is sick of executions. Six demonstrators were killed, and the army cleared the square. Cette insurrection refusa de reconnaître le gouvernement issu de l'Assemblée nationale, qui venait d'être élue au suffrage universel masculin, et choisit d'ébaucher pour la ville une organisation de type libertaire, basée sur la démocratie … According to the decree of the Commune, the works of art were to be donated to the Louvre (which refused them) and the furniture was to be sold, the money to be given to widows and orphans of the fighting. ", Edwin Child, a young Londoner working in Paris, noted that during the Commune, "the women behaved like tigresses, throwing petroleum everywhere and distinguishing themselves by the fury with which they fought". [18], Blanqui, the leader of the most radical faction, established his own headquarters at the nearby Prefecture of the Seine, issuing orders and decrees to his followers, intent upon establishing his own government. Les proclamations officielles[1] de Trochu et Favre vont dans le sens d'une résistance à outrance contre l'envahisseur. ", Price, R. D. "Ideology and Motivation in the Paris Commune of 1871. under worker control, sent a delegation to Thiers who had been holed up at the Foreign Office, but on discovering his flight, posted a note on the door of the Hotel de Ville nominating various municipal officers as the only effective government of France, all other authority having deserted seeking refuge with the occupying Prussian forces. The webs of narrow streets that made entire districts nearly impregnable in earlier Parisian revolutions had in the centre been replaced by wide boulevards during Haussmann's renovation of Paris. General Lecomte and the officers of his staff were seized by the guardsmen and his mutinous soldiers and taken to the local headquarters of the National Guard at the ballroom of the Chateau-Rouge. A female battalion from the National Guard defended the Place Blanche during the repression. Victor Hugo blamed Thiers for his short-sightedness. September wurde die Deputiertenkammer von Volksmassen gestürmt, kurz danach die im Parlament bereits in der vorhergehenden Nacht beantragte Absetzung des Kaisers verkündet und die Republik ausgerufen. Mais il se mit à geler et ces sphères restèrent bloquées dans les glaces. Paris. Après le 4 septembre 1870, le gouvernement de la Défense nationale arme les fortifications avec tous les moyens disponibles. The Chancellor demanded the cession of all of Alsace, parts of Lorraine, and enormous reparations. By early January 1871, Bismarck and the Germans themselves were tired of the prolonged siege. At about 5:30 on 18 March, the angry crowd of national guardsmen and deserters from Lecomte's regiment at Rue des Rosiers seized Clément-Thomas, beat him with rifle butts, pushed him into the garden, and shot him repeatedly. Delescluze moved his headquarters from the Hotel de Ville to the city hall of the 11th arrondissement. Between the end of April and 20 May, the number of trained artillerymen fell from 5,445 to 2,340. Il fut imaginé de faire rentrer à Paris des plongeurs qui auraient suivi le fond de la Seine dans des scaphandres sous-marins. The candidates had only a few days to campaign. The sight of the ruins is nothing compared to the great Parisian insanity. On 18 March, Thiers ordered a violent seizure of Paris, in collusion with the Prussian occupying force with whom they were collaborating to effect France's capitulation. The prisoners gave their identity, sentence was pronounced by a court of two or three gendarme officers, the prisoners were taken out and sentences immediately carried out. [94], Participants and historians have long debated the number of Communards killed during Bloody Week. They passed by the line of forts outside the city, believing them to be occupied by national guardsmen. [21], At midday on 22 January, three or four hundred National Guards and members of radical groups—mostly Blanquists—gathered outside the Hôtel de Ville. Vladimir Lenin wrote: "We are only dwarves perched on the shoulders of those giants." Thiers refused the proposal. The reserves were guarded by 500 national guardsmen who were themselves Bank of France employees. Later in 1867, a public demonstration in Paris was answered by the dissolution of its executive committee and the leadership being fined. They advocated the abolition of prostitution (obtaining the closing of the maisons de tolérance, or legal brothels). A plaque also marks the wall in Père Lachaise Cemetery where 147 Communards were executed, commonly known as the Communards' Wall. It also reached a consensus on certain policies that tended towards a progressive, secular, and highly democratic social democracy. Elles n’en veulent pas »[22]. [92] Thousands of Communards, including leaders such as Felix Pyat, succeeded in slipping out of Paris before the end of the battle, and went into exile; some 3,500 going to England, 2,000–3,000 to Belgium, and 1,000 to Switzerland. Coupée du reste du pays, la capitale subit rapidement la rigueur exceptionnelle d’un hiver (pointes à −12 °C en décembre) tandis que les bombardements allemands aggravent la situation à partir de janvier 1871. De Commune van Parijs was een revolutionaire regering die heerste over de stad Parijs van 18 maart 1871 totdat ze bloedig werd neergeslagen op 28 mei van datzelfde jaar. Les moyens engagés sont insuffisants, et Ducrot doit se replier dans l'après-midi du 19 sur l'ordre formel de Trochu. [9], Of the two million people in Paris in 1869, according to the official census, there were about 500,000 industrial workers, or fifteen per cent of all the industrial workers in France, plus another 300,000–400,000 workers in other enterprises. "We are caught between two bands of crazy people," Clemenceau complained, "those sitting in Versailles and those in Paris. A few minutes later, they did the same to General Lecomte. Led by Raoul Rigault, it began to make several arrests, usually on suspicion of treason, intelligence with the enemy, or insults to the Commune. The Commune was suppressed and liquidated during La semaine sanglante (The Bloody Week), a series of massacres of unarmed men, women and children, beginning on 21 May 1871 [7], by French Army prisoners of war handed by the Prussians to their Versailles collaborators. Barricades had not been prepared in advance; some nine hundred barricades were built hurriedly out of paving stones and sacks of earth. Guardsmen from many units were known for their lack of discipline; some units refused to wear uniforms, often refused to obey orders without discussing them, and demanded the right to elect their own officers. Genton asked for volunteers to serve as a firing squad, and went to the La Roquette prison, where many of the hostages were being held. Perhaps he meant both dead and wounded." It specialised in humour, vulgarity and extreme abuse against the opponents of the Commune. As he put it , "the exile of so many extremists enabled the new Republic to [...] develop in a peaceful and orderly fashion. The National Guard had not been disarmed as per the armistice, and had on paper 260 battalions of 1,500 men each, a total of 390,000 men. Le 30 décembre c'est le tour de Castor et Pollux, les deux éléphants du Jardin des Plantes, d'être abattus, et les bouchers vendent de la trompe d'éléphant de premier choix à 40 francs la livre[19]. Doctor Guyon, who examined the bodies shortly afterwards, found forty balls in the body of Clément-Thomas and nine balls in the back of Lecomte. He travelled to German-occupied Tours and met with Bismarck on 1 November. Other candidates who were elected, including about twenty moderate republicans and five radicals, refused to take their seats. Le génie militaire, l'artillerie, et le ministère des Travaux publics, auxiliaire du génie et de l'artillerie, y ont concouru[8]. Dombrowski held this position until 23 May, when he was killed while defending the city barricades.[66]. There was no co-ordination or central direction on the Commune side; each neighborhood fought on its own. On 10 June, when the Commune was finished, Flaubert wrote to Sand:[105]. I am suffocated. The publications La Commune, La Justice and Valles' Le Cri du Peuple feared that a more authoritarian government would destroy the kind of social republic they wanted to achieve. While carrying back the laundry she was given by the guardsmen, she carried away the body of her lover, Jean Guy, who was a butcher's apprentice. September und sorgte für Empörung. "The municipal council of Paris," Lissagaray continued, "paid for the burial of seventeen thousand bodies; but a large number of persons were killed or cremated outside of Paris." In a tremendous revolutionary movement, the working people of Paris replaced the capitalist state with their own organs of government and held political power until their downfall in the last week of May. Each cell operated independently and was unaware of the members of the other groups, communicating only with their leaders by code. Mais il est partagé entre ceux qui veulent continuer la guerre (Gambetta) et ceux qui veulent la paix (Adolphe Thiers). She was seized by regular soldiers and thrown into the trench in front of the barricade and left for dead. The only communication with the outside world was by balloon, carrier pigeon, or letters packed in iron balls floated down the Seine. [108], Émile Zola, as a journalist for Le Sémaphore de Marseille, reported on the fall of the Commune, and was one of the first reporters to enter the city during Bloody Week. Some of the officers were disarmed and taken to the city hall of Montmartre, under the protection of Clemenceau. Jourde's prudence was later condemned by Karl Marx and other Marxists, who felt the Commune should have confiscated the bank's reserves and spent all the money immediately.[53]. 1852-1870: Second Empire (Napoléon III). "[5], French writers and artists had strong views about the Commune. On 5 October, 5,000 protesters marched from Belleville to the Hotel de Ville, demanding immediate municipal elections and rifles. Cette destruction est attribuée à tort aux troupes prussiennes, elle est faite volontairement par la défense de Paris. Les prix de la viande, des conserves, du pain et des denrées alimentaires flambent. Die Nachricht von diesen Ereignissen erreichte Paris am Nachmittag des 3. The members adopted a dozen proposals, including an honorary presidency for Blanqui; the abolition of the death penalty; the abolition of military conscription; a proposal to send delegates to other cities to help launch communes there; and a resolution declaring that membership in the Paris Commune was incompatible with being a member of the National Assembly. La Commune de Paris (1871) After a conflict began on July 19, 1870 between France of Napoleon III and Prussia of Otto von Bismarck, militarily supported by the North German Confederation, the French army suffered a heavy defeat. For example, in the 3rd arrondissement, school materials were provided free, three parochial schools were "laicised", and an orphanage was established. Some Communards wanted to appropriate the bank's reserves to fund social projects, but Jourde resisted, explaining that without the gold reserves the currency would collapse and all the money of the Commune would be worthless. Included in the collection are photographs, caricatures, newspapers, books, pamphlets and posters. The hands of captured prisoners were examined to see if they had fired weapons. 20 members are Freemasons. Les habitants sont privés de bois et charbon, et sans gaz, les rues sont plongées dans l'obscurité dès la tombée de la nuit[19]. They stopped when Dombrowski died two days later from wounds received on the barricades. The regular French Army in Paris, under General Trochu's command, had only 50,000 professional soldiers of the line; the majority of the French first-line soldiers were prisoners of war, or trapped in Metz, surrounded by Germans. Ce double événement montre déjà un probable double-jeu de la part du gouvernement. [82], As the army continued its methodical advance, the summary executions of captured Communard soldiers by the army continued. The heights were captured at the end of the afternoon by the first regiment of the French Foreign Legion. In the first round of the 1869 parliamentary elections held under the French Empire, 4,438,000 had voted for the Bonapartist candidates supporting Napoleon III, while 3,350,000 had voted for the republican opposition. A small group of revolutionary national guardsmen were already there, and there was a brief confrontation between the brigade led by General Claude Lecomte, and the National Guard; one guardsman, named Turpin, was shot dead. Only about 40,000 were employed in factories and large enterprises; most were employed in small industries in textiles, furniture and construction. À aucun moment la défaite des armées françaises n'avait été imaginée. [80] Furthermore, besides public buildings, the National Guard also started fires at the homes of a number of residents associated with the regime of Napoleon III, such as that of the historian and playwright Prosper Merimee, the author of Carmen. [38] On 22 March, the day before the elections, the Central Committee declared that it, not the mayors, was the legitimate government of Paris. Learn how and when to remove this template message, French legislative election, February 1871, right of employees to take over and run an enterprise, Women's Union for the Defence of Paris and Care of the Wounded, "Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy", "In the World-Shadow of Bismarck and Nobel", Correspondence between Gustave Flaubert and George Sand, The Paris Commune and the Idea of the State, Louise Michel, a French anarchist women who fought in the Paris commune, "La responsabilité de la presse dans la répression de la Commune de Paris", "No. Au moment où le siège de Paris semble inéluctable, le gouvernement engage un immense effort de travaux de défense qui doit faire, en quelques semaines, d'une ville jugée hors d'état de se défendre, une place véritablement imprenable. They included "Louise Michel, the Reclus brothers, and Eugène Varlin (the latter executed in the repression afterwards). [37], In Paris, hostility was growing between the elected republican mayors, including Clemenceau, who believed that they were legitimate leaders of Paris, and the Central Committee of the National Guard. He studied the question of the number of dead, and studied the records of the office of inspection of the Paris cemeteries, which was in charge of burying the dead. The longest-lasting commune outside Paris was that in Marseille, from 23 March to 4 April, which was suppressed with the loss of thirty soldiers and one hundred and fifty insurgents. Eye-witness accounts quoted in 'Paris under Siege' by Joanna Richardson p.197 (see bibliography), sfn error: no target: CITEREFCastries1983 (. Not all prisoners were shot immediately; the French Army officially recorded the capture of 43,522 prisoners during and immediately after Bloody Week. 17,000 of them were Parisian, and 73,000 from the provinces. Ils comptent sur la lassitude et la faim pour obtenir la capitulation de Paris, et se contenteront donc de repousser toute tentative de percée. Le gouvernement ayant choisi de rester dans Paris, une délégation est envoyée à Tours pour coordonner l'action en province sous les ordres d'Adolphe Crémieux, ministre de la Justice, accompagné par Glais-Bizoin et l'amiral Fourichon. They also demanded suppression of the distinction between married women and concubines, and between legitimate and illegitimate children. The rest of the Louvre was saved by the efforts of the museum curators and fire brigades. [48] Joséphine Marchias, a washer woman, picked up a gun during the battles of May 22-23rd and said, "You cowardly crew! Though their numbers were small, the Blanquists provided many of the most disciplined soldiers and several of the senior leaders of the Commune. "[103] He became the most vocal advocate of an amnesty for exiled Communards, finally granted in the 1880s. On 5 May, he was appointed commander of the Commune's whole army. While the Army had succeeded in securing the cannons at Belleville and Buttes-Chaumont and other strategic points, at Montmartre a crowd gathered and continued to grow, and the situation grew increasingly tense. The most extreme revolutionaries in Paris were the followers of Louis Auguste Blanqui, a charismatic professional revolutionary who had spent most of his adult life in prison. The government quickly banned two publications, Le Reveil of Delescluze and Le Combat of Pyat, and arrested 83 revolutionaries. [42] Their participation included building barricades and caring for wounded fighters. Another highly popular publication was Le Père Duchêne, inspired by a similar paper of the same name published from 1790 until 1794; after its first issue on 6 March, it was briefly closed by General Vinoy, but it reappeared until 23 May. One of the best-known candidates, Georges Clemenceau, received only 752 votes. Marx and Engels, Bakunin, and later Lenin, tried to draw major theoretical lessons (in particular as regards the "dictatorship of the proletariat" and the "withering away of the state") from the limited experience of the Commune. Thiers was equally determined to bring the cannons under national-government control. [117], The American Ambassador in Paris during the Commune, Elihu Washburne, writing in his personal diary which is quoted at length in noted historian David McCullough's book, The Greater Journey (Simon & Schuster 2011), described the Communards as "brigands", "assassins", and "scoundrels"; "I have no time now to express my detestation.... [T]hey threaten to destroy Paris and bury everybody in its ruins before they will surrender. He travelled to Versailles, where Bismarck and the German Emperor were waiting, and on 24 February the armistice was signed. The Tuileries Palace, which had been the residence of most of the monarchs of France from Henry IV to Napoleon III, was defended by a garrison of some three hundred National Guard with thirty cannon placed in the garden. 1870–71 (contrasts).jpg 1,229 × 1,887; 1.05 MB B21496626 0005 0636 Les merveilles de la science Inventions scientifiques dupuis 1870 Supplément au aérostats.

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